The period of westernization begins in the reign of Sultan Mahmut the second in the Ottoman Empire. The first modern Medical School of western type was established at Galatasaray, İstanbul in 1827 and was headed by an Austrian Doctor, Charles A. Bernard. The education language at this school was French and doctors for the army and country were graduated in 6 years.

After 1871, young doctors were sent to Europe's famous Instutions at Paris and Vienna, in order to obtain the latest developments in the field of Medicine and to raise instructors for the Medical School.(1)
 

The first person to recieve the ENT training in Paris was Mr. Civani Ananyan who came back to İstanbul by 1875. The ENT specialised section was not established at that time and thus he worked as a teaching assistant at the Internal Medicine Department where he instructed ENT courses. By February 17th, 1878 he was promoted to "The Instructor of ENT" and this date can be accepted as the beginning of the history of ENT in Turkey.

The second person to travel to Paris and receive ENT training there, as a student of Mr. Civani Ananyan was Şefik Paşa. Upon his return to the country in 1890, the first independent ENT Clinic was established which was headed by Şefik Paşa. During this period no other operations were performed except T&A.

Mr. Ziya Nuri, who was sent to Berlin by the Gülhane Hospital’s Professors Committee in 1894 was the pioneer of development for the ENT in Turkey. Educated and re-graduated from the Academy of Kaiser Wilhelm, Mr. Ziya Nuri had worked together with Prof. Trautmann and Prof. Fraenkel in theCharité Clinic and he was promoted to ENT specialist. He also continued his works at the Hartmann and Babinsky Clinics, worked in Paris, Lermoyez and Castexin Clinics and he did research in the Leipzig, Halle and Vienna ENT Clinics.

After 6 years of up-to-date ENT knowledge and training, Mr. Ziya Nuri was back at his country and in the year 1900, he was given the task of establishing an ENT Clinic at Gülhane Military Hospital. He was the first ENT Professor at the Faculty of Medicine in İstanbul which was formed in 1908 by uniting the Military and Civil Medical Schools.

Ear canal reconstructions for congenital atresias, mastoidectomies, tracheotomies, radical frontal and ethmoidectomies with polyp extirpations, turbinotomies, T&As, SMRs, endolaryngeal operations and tracheobronchoscopies began with Ziya Nuri Pasha in 1900 at ENT Clinic of Gülhane Hospital. (2)

Pediatric patients treated in Gulhane Hospital,1902	Surgical Ward and Nurse Johanna Gosewitch